Abstract
This paper makes a comparative analysis of agricultural development between Japan and Bangladesh.
This comparison was analysis by history of Agriculture both Japan and Bangladesh, Agricultural statistics of Japan and Bangladesh. What product Japan Import from other country. Agricultural Machinery & Equipment Used in Japan and Bangladesh. Major crops list both Japan and Bangladesh, Agriculture technology, Cultivation system and Firming method analysis between Japan and Bangladesh. What is the major problem in Bangladesh’s agricultural sector. Agricultural progress prospects of Bangladesh.
However, there are serious challenges which make agricultural development system and the support less effective. It is concluded that Bangladesh should benefit from good experiences of Japan in order to make the system more effective.
Key words: Agricultural Development, Bangladesh Agriculture, Japan Agriculture, Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Development, Agricultural Technology.
Introduction
Agriculture is an activity that utilizes the land to train useful plants and animals and obtain products. In a broad sense, it includes agricultural processing and forestry as well.
People who make agriculture occupation are called farmers.
In the case of agricultural crop growing, basically it is targeted for nature, it is easily influenced by weather conditions such as the sunshine, temperature, and precipitation, there are price fluctuations in the market due to the supply-demand relationship and the influence of investment, stabilizing the income side There are aspects lacking.
Empowering Japanese agriculture for global impact
Japan's agriculture was not very good in the 1950s. There was no worker to work. For which the extra money to the farmer who was counting.
In 1953, the Japanese government passed "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law". There were 35,000 power takers in Japan in that year. In 1965, its number was 30 million.
In 1953, the Japanese government passed "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law". There were 35,000 power takers in Japan in that year. In 1965, its number was 30 million.
Agriculture is a main industry in Japan and has increased meekly over the past few decades. Agricultural production grew in japans from $12 billion in 1970 to $41 billion in 1985. By 2013, the newest data available, it had reached $58 billion. Japan is known as the fifth largest agricultural power in the world, and Japanese farmers account for 1.6% of the population. The agricultural population in Japan is 2.99 million in the data of 2009, this change in agricultural sector changes the lives of Japanese farmers. We hope that one day in this country the farmers will change the country's economy wheel.
The History of Japan Agriculture
It is thought that human beings were originally thought to live by collecting hunting exclusively (hunter gathering society), and started "agriculture" somewhere. Although there are various opinions about the origin of agriculture, the joint team of Harvard University, Tel Aviv University, and Haifa University found a trace of agriculture (barley, rye, oat, Emmel) 23,000 years ago on the bank of the Galilee in Israel, It is covered in the New York Times etc. Also, about 10,000 years ago, excavation investigations have confirmed that farming started mainly in rice cultivation in the Yangtze River Basin in China. In Levant (around Syria, the west half of a Fertile Crescent moon), the oldest farm traces (rye) are found at Tel Abu Fleura site (11050 BP, around 9050 BC). In potatoes, the site of agricultural irrigation facilities 9000 years ago in the Papua New Guinea "Cook's early farming ruins" was discovered by the Australian academic survey. Livestock was also started at the same time as the start of farming.
Japan is launching robots in agriculture
Japan has created robots for agriculture and fisheries industries after medical, industry-factories and Homestead.
The government has taken a new plan to prevent high yielding agricultural produce and to prevent excess manpower.
Most of Japan's peasants are above 65 years of age. In the 2014 survey, the average age of the farmers was 64 years. The government of Japan took the step for the reduction in the labor of older peasants.
Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries says in February last year, they announced a fund of 120 million Japanese currencies for the construction of 17 types of robots in various research institutes and universities. To that end, the researchers invented more than half of the robots in the development of agriculture and fisheries sector.
The ministry further said, these robots will play an important role in meeting the demands of increasingly demanding faces and helping older Japanese farmers.
Describing the revolutionary win of robots in agriculture, Ikei Yagi, professor of Japan's Okayama University, said, "We are inventing robots to reach our potential in agriculture." Suppose a person can pull a box of seven kg orange in one hand. But we've built a robot, which can carry barely twenty kilo loads. The robot will be bound in the elbow and chest of the person so that the person will feel comfortable.
I hope we can reach this robot door to the farmers before the next winter.
Most of Japan's peasants are above 65 years of age. In the 2014 survey, the average age of the farmers was 64 years. The government of Japan took the step for the reduction in the labor of older peasants.
Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries says in February last year, they announced a fund of 120 million Japanese currencies for the construction of 17 types of robots in various research institutes and universities. To that end, the researchers invented more than half of the robots in the development of agriculture and fisheries sector.
The ministry further said, these robots will play an important role in meeting the demands of increasingly demanding faces and helping older Japanese farmers.
Describing the revolutionary win of robots in agriculture, Ikei Yagi, professor of Japan's Okayama University, said, "We are inventing robots to reach our potential in agriculture." Suppose a person can pull a box of seven kg orange in one hand. But we've built a robot, which can carry barely twenty kilo loads. The robot will be bound in the elbow and chest of the person so that the person will feel comfortable.
I hope we can reach this robot door to the farmers before the next winter.
Agriculture of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is the main country in agriculture. In this country, 75 percent of the populations live in the village. In rural areas of Bangladesh, there are 59.84% of the people and 10.81% of the urban areas have agricultural land. The contribution of agricultural sector to GDP is 19.1% and the employment of 48.1% of the population through agriculture sector is being created. Fertility of crops including rice, jute, cotton, sugarcane, flower and silk cultivation, fish farming, vegetables, livestock development, soil fertility enhancement, seed development and distribution etc. The activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and related departments of this country. Farmers of this country usually cultivate traditional methods. Most farmers are still dependent on plow, ladder and cows for crop production and processing. However, many of the farmers are now able to increase the yield compared to the previous techniques using modern agricultural technology. Although rice and jute are the main crops of Bangladesh, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potato and various kinds of vegetables are produced in significant quantities in this country. Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development of agricultural sector in Bangladesh, which is working in the development of agriculture sector through various projects and agencies. The scope of the work of this ministry ranges from the development of agricultural products to the development of agro-based industries, including research on agriculture, agricultural engineering and agricultural economics. The effective services of the Department of Agricultural Extension have brought successive success in agriculture. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) engaged in the production and supply of high yielding varieties of seeds. BADC has 21 seed multiplication farms and 15 contract growers’ zones. The seeds of agricultural commodities are processed mechanically in 12 seed processing centers. Private sector initiatives, research institutes and commercial organizations are also working for agricultural development. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), under the Ministry of Agriculture, jointly organizes agricultural development activities with several ministries. The ministries are agriculture, forest and environment, fisheries and livestock, rural development, education, industry, trade, science and technology ministry. Understanding the importance of rice production in the field of food security and political stability, Bangladesh Rice Research Center is working on the introduction of modern scientific methods rather than rationalization of high yielding (UFS) rice cultivation and long-established conventional methods of production rather than less productive rice. International rice research center and work on this. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Center is the country's largest multi-grain food research institute. This institute has been studying wheat, potato, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers and other crops. In addition to the development of the species, the socio-economic impact of soil and crop management, disease and pests and harmful insect management, irrigation and water management, agricultural inputs, next crop management, production and marketing of grains is the field of research in this organization. Nuclear Agriculture brings a new dimension to agriculture in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has developed 37 advanced varieties of different crops through the application of Radiation of Bangladesh (without) the Institute of Agricultural Research. The National Seed Certification Agency has released them for distribution at peasant level. Greater Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Bogra districts and Maldah district of West Bengal, India is known as Barind region. Here the soil is strong, red and barren. The Barind Multipurpose Development Authority has been working in the development of agriculture in the region under the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation. The Cotton Development Board, established under the Ministry of Agriculture, works to promote and promote cotton cultivation in Bangladesh. The seed certification agency has played a role in controlling the quality of rice, wheat, jute and potato seeds. Establishment of Soil Resource Development Centers established under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests is to study soil survey, irrigation project surveys and soil soils and help so that soil resources are used logically. Among the other organizations, agricultural marketing department of the Ministry of Agriculture has taken an e-Governance project for providing information about agricultural market related information about farmers, traders, governments, policy makers, development organizations, etc. through information technology. In 1961 the Ministry of Agriculture started the agricultural information service. This service has been contributing in the field of agriculture especially through radio, television, documentaries, posters, leaflets, booklets, newsletters, magazines, banners and festoons. Bangladesh's Applied Nutrition and Human Resources Development Board works to develop skilled manpower in nutrition in government and non-government organizations through training programs, campaign meetings, symposiums, workshops and mass media.
The History of Bangladesh Agriculture
Agriculture is the biggest sector of employment in Bangladesh. According to the 2016 data, it provides 47 percent of the total labor force and its contribution to the GDP of the country is 16 percent. This sector's role in the country's macroeconomic environment, such as employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security is undeniable.
Most of the people of Bangladesh are depend on agriculture profession. Rice and jute are the main crops in the Bangladesh.
Most of the people of Bangladesh are depend on agriculture profession. Rice and jute are the main crops in the Bangladesh.
The Department of Agriculture was born in 1870 as part of the revenue division. Then in 1906, an independent agricultural department was established.
In 1950, the education and development activities of farmers started through expansion of agricultural and industrial development project in 1950, later in 1956, BADC, AIS in 1961, DEM and DAR in 1970, but in the development of agriculture and farmers No planned opportunities were created.
In order to strengthen agricultural expansion activities in 1972, after independence, crop based independent organizations were created as Cotton Development Board, Tobacco Production Board, Horticulture Board and Agricultural Directorate (Jute Production), Agricultural Directorate (Extension and Management) in 1975.
But for the same peasant, different / wide expansion messages and activities have negative effects in the field level. As a result, in 1982, the Department of Agriculture Extension was created in 1982 with the establishment of six organizations ie DA (E & M), DA (JP), Directorate of Plant Protection, Horticulture Board, Tobacco Development Board. The Department of Agriculture has served the country's agricultural and peasantry with great success and reputation through the "training and inspection method introduced from 1977 to 1990 and through the expansion of the party till 1990 to date.
In order to provide planned and participatory expansion services, the implementation of new Agricultural Extension Policy (NAP) began in 1996. At present, the Department of Agricultural Extension is conducting departmental activities in coordination with 8 wings. "The responsibility of the Department of Agricultural Extension is to provide all the grassroots and efficient expansion services to their peasantry so that they can contribute to sustainable agricultural and socio-economic development by best utilizing their resources."
Ministry of agriculture Japan statistics
Table 1: Japan agriculture statistics
SL
|
Basic Information
|
|
1.
|
Land area:
|
369,700 square kilometers
|
2.
|
Population:
|
126.8 million (2015)
|
3.
|
Total GDP:
|
US$ 4.1 trillion (2015)
|
4.
|
GDP/capita:
|
US$ 32,441.5 (2015)
|
5.
|
GDP growth rate:
|
0.5% (2015)
|
6.
|
Capital city:
|
Tokyo
|
7.
|
Prime Minister:
|
Shinzo Abe
|
8.
|
Minister of Agriculture:
|
Hiroshi Moriyama
|
9.
|
Canadian Ambassador:
|
Mackenzie Clugston
|
*Source: Euromonitor
Japanese National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO) head office in Sukubate in Ibaraki province "Our research institute has created a robot to remove weeds in agriculture," said Mashio Fukuda, spokesman for the research organization. The equivalent of a robot can clear a crop of two hundred and twenty square meters in just one hour with two sharp beats.
He also said that most of Japan's agricultural land is located on hill slopes. Our robot can remove the weeds of land at approximately 40 degree angle.
With this organization, the Agriculture and Veterinary Department of Obihiro University has created another robot in joint venture. Which can evaluate cow’s milkmaking and health effortlessly?
The Okhoma Province is known as the Fisheries Extraction Center of the country. Office of the Japan Fisheries Research Institute located there The organization says that we are putting a robot on fishing boats and trawlers to collect fish and other animals in the sea.
A computer attached to it will detect the fish fishing under the water, bad weather and other fishing trawlers around GPS. Not only this, the robot is capable of providing fuel information to the trawler.
Japan's central government announced the use of robotic technology in the country by robbing robots in January, 2020, in order to use robots in different sectors of the country.
The total agricultural population is 9.4 million (7.4% of the total population), of which 3.4 million, or 36%, are agricultural-only. The imbalance in the age pyramid of the agricultural population is important, as 70% of this population is over 55 years of age (compared to 25% of the total labor force). Lastly, we should point out the important change in the decline of agricultural land: in 20 years the agricultural area has grown from 14.2% of the territory to 12.6% or a decrease of 665 000 ha.
Bangladesh Agricultural statistics
Table 2: At a glance Bangladesh agricultural statistics
At a glance Bangladesh agricultural statistics
|
||
SL
|
||
1.
|
Total family
|
2,86,95,763
|
2.
|
Total farm families
|
1,51,83,183
|
3.
|
Total cultivable land
|
85,60,964.75 hectares
|
4.
|
Total irrigated land
|
74,06,822.87 hectares
|
5.
|
Cultivable fall
|
2,10,027.92 hectares
|
6.
|
Crop intensity
|
192%
|
7.
|
One crop land
|
23,54,821.74 hectares
|
8.
|
Two crop land
|
38,47,274.49 hectares
|
9.
|
Three crop land
|
17,15,430.38 hectares
|
10.
|
Net crop land
|
79,30,071.63 hectares
|
11.
|
Total Crop Land
|
1,524,45841.93 hectares
|
12.
|
Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP
|
14.75%
|
Table 3:Total food grain production:
Total food grain production
|
||
SL
|
Name Of Product
|
Million Metric Tons
|
1.
|
Rice
|
347.101
|
2.
|
Wheat
|
13.48
|
3.
|
Maize
|
27.59
|
Japan agricultural Productions and imports:
Few productions make it possible to fully cover the consumption of Japan, which is the world's largest net importer.
However, Japan's agricultural production is not negligible. In value the main productions are vegetables and rice, then dairy farming, fruits and poultry. In volume terms, Japan produces 14 million tones of vegetables, 9 MT of rice, 1.1 MT of wheat and barley, 4.2 MT of sugar beet, 1.2 MT of sugar cane, 4 MT Of potatoes and sweet potatoes, 3.2 MT of fruit, 3 MT of meat, 8.3 MT of milk, and 2.4 MT of eggs.
However, Japan's agricultural production is not negligible. In value the main productions are vegetables and rice, then dairy farming, fruits and poultry. In volume terms, Japan produces 14 million tones of vegetables, 9 MT of rice, 1.1 MT of wheat and barley, 4.2 MT of sugar beet, 1.2 MT of sugar cane, 4 MT Of potatoes and sweet potatoes, 3.2 MT of fruit, 3 MT of meat, 8.3 MT of milk, and 2.4 MT of eggs.
Fig 1: Japan agricultural Productions and imports:
The Japanese agri-food industry:
The Japanese agri-food industry (IAA) has nearly 40,000 enterprises employing just over 1 million employees. This sector represents nearly 12% of Japanese industrial production (22,415 billion yen in 2005, ie 163,8 billion euro). Japanese agri-food production is characterized by an extreme fragmentation of activity, reflecting the diversity of food products in this country. However, the world of beverages, be they alcoholic, from the world of soft, juice, water or green tea, is predominant.
Although Japan has many multinationals with a wide range of activities, it should be noted that almost 60% of LPNs are VSEs (less than 10 employees). In contrast, there are more than 30 LPNs with a turnover of more than 1 billion euro.
The Japanese agri-food industry (IAA) has nearly 40,000 enterprises employing just over 1 million employees. This sector represents nearly 12% of Japanese industrial production (22,415 billion yen in 2005, ie 163,8 billion euro). Japanese agri-food production is characterized by an extreme fragmentation of activity, reflecting the diversity of food products in this country. However, the world of beverages, be they alcoholic, from the world of soft, juice, water or green tea, is predominant.
Although Japan has many multinationals with a wide range of activities, it should be noted that almost 60% of LPNs are VSEs (less than 10 employees). In contrast, there are more than 30 LPNs with a turnover of more than 1 billion euro.
Japan is the world's largest importer
According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the total amount of Japanese agricultural, forestry and fishery exports in 2010 is 492 billion yen. If it limits only to agricultural products it is only 286.5 billion yen.
Japan is the world's largest importer of corn and pork, the third is soybean and the fourth is wheat. Imports account for 90% of its wheat and soybean needs, 100% of its maize and almost 50% of its meat needs. The Land of the Rising Sun is self-sufficient in rice, but under international trade agreements it is necessary to purchase 700,000 tons of cereal each year. National stocks now represent 3 months of consumption for rice, 2.5 months for wheat, 22 days for maize and 7 days for soybeans.
With cattle estimated at 4.28 million cattle and 9.8 million pigs, imports of beef and pig meat are expected to stabilize at 722,000 and 1.21 million tons, respectively, at 1.23 Million and 2.5 million tons, the US Department of Agriculture estimates. "Animal production has not been affected" by the earthquake and the tsunami, "you have to buy corn to feed the livestock," says Bruce Babcock, director of the Food and Agriculture Policy Research Institute. According to the US Grain Council (USGC), imports are expected to reach almost 16 million tons in 2009-2010, the equivalent of the previous season. Similarly, 4.96 million tons of milling wheat was imported during the marketing year ending 31 March. Shipments to Japan continue despite the destruction, the USGC notes, "we have not heard of any cancellations."
Japanese food production is therefore little affected by the succession of disasters. This is mainly for its population, the country exporting only a tiny part of its production. In 2009, Japan imported $ 53.5 billion worth of food, while exports amounted to only $ 3.27 billion, according to Japan's Foreign Trade Organization.
Agricultural Machinery & Equipment Used in Japan
Agricultural Machinery & Equipment Used in Bangladesh
Farmers of our country still use old machinery in farming. It requires a lot of time and labor. Using modern and sustainable agricultural machinery in agriculture, by increasing the physical labor, time and cost of farmers, production and profit can be multiplied. Farmers of the village have wide interest and demand in agricultural machinery. But due to lack of specific information, publicity and exhibition, the village peasants are not getting it.
Some of the agricultural machinery in Bangladesh are: 
Thirty Most Cultivated Crops in Japan in 1997
Crop
|
Cultivated Area (ha)
|
Yield (t)
|
Value (× 100 million Yen)
|
1. Paddy Rice
|
1,953,000
|
10,030,000
|
27,094
|
2. Wheat
|
157,500
|
573,000
|
856
|
3. Potato
|
103,000
|
3,394,300
|
1,322
|
4. Soybean
|
83,200
|
145,000
|
377
|
5. Sugar Beet
|
68,500
|
3,685,000
|
665
|
6. Orange
|
66,000
|
1,553,000
|
1,660
|
7. Other Cereals
|
57,450
|
-
|
-
|
8. Tea
|
51,800
|
401,000
|
1,136
|
9. Radish
|
49,800
|
2,020,000
|
1,208
|
10. Apple
|
49,300
|
993,000
|
1,192
|
11. Sweet Potato
|
46,500
|
1,130,000
|
1,053
|
12. Cabbage
|
37,900
|
1,504,000
|
965
|
13. Young Corn
|
31,600
|
302,000
|
380
|
14. Chestnut
|
30,000
|
32,900
|
99
|
15. Onion
|
27,200
|
1,256,000
|
751
|
16. Persimmon
|
27,100
|
301,200
|
425
|
17. Spinach
|
26,100
|
330,900
|
1,111
|
18. Leek
|
24,700
|
549,300
|
1,146
|
19. Chinese Cabbage
|
24,400
|
1,135,000
|
508
|
20. Carrot
|
23,200
|
714,800
|
532
|
21. Grape
|
22,800
|
250,900
|
1,179
|
22. Taro
|
21,400
|
269,900
|
418
|
23. Lettuce
|
21,400
|
532,700
|
725
|
24. Plum
|
19,100
|
136,200
|
387
|
25. Pear
|
18,500
|
404,200
|
1,149
|
26. Water Melon
|
18,500
|
613,900
|
848
|
27. Pumpkin
|
17,100
|
244,700
|
249
|
28. Cucumber
|
16,400
|
797,700
|
1,754
|
29. Melon
|
15,800
|
359,300
|
1,316
|
30. Egg Plant
|
14,000
|
474,900
|
1,156
|
Production of major crops in Bangladesh
(FY-2011/2012-2016/2017)
SL
|
Crop name
|
Crop season
|
Land used for cultivation(Million hectares)
|
Production
(Million metric tons)
|
Production/Hectares
|
1.
|
Rice
|
2016-17
|
113.21
|
159.16
|
3.06
|
2015-16
|
113.88
|
347.09
|
3.05
|
||
2014-15
|
114.15
|
347.10
|
3.04
|
||
2013-14
|
113.84
|
344.52
|
3.03
|
||
2012-13
|
114.23
|
338.33
|
2.96
|
||
2011-12
|
115.28
|
338.90
|
2.94
|
||
2.
|
Wheat
|
2016-17
|
4.29
|
14.22
|
3.32
|
2015-16
|
4.45
|
13.48
|
3.03
|
||
2014-15
|
4.37
|
13.48
|
3.09
|
||
2013-14
|
4.30
|
13.02
|
3.03
|
||
2012-13
|
4.17
|
12.55
|
3.01
|
||
2011-12
|
3.58
|
9.95
|
2.78
|
||
3.
|
Maize
|
2016-17
|
4.34
|
||
2015-16
|
3.96
|
27.59
|
6.98
|
||
2014-15
|
3.55
|
23.61
|
6.65
|
||
2013-14
|
3.64
|
25.16
|
6.91
|
||
2012-13
|
3.12
|
21.78
|
6.98
|
||
2011-12
|
2.83
|
19.54
|
6.90
|
||
4.
|
Potatoes
|
2016-17
|
5.28
|
113.35
|
21.45
|
2015-16
|
4.76
|
94.74
|
19.92
|
||
2014-15
|
4.71
|
92.54
|
19.65
|
||
2013-14
|
4.62
|
89.50
|
19.37
|
||
2012-13
|
4.44
|
86.03
|
19.38
|
||
2011-12
|
4.30
|
82.05
|
19.08
|
||
5.
|
Jute
|
2015-16
|
7.26
|
75.60
|
10.42
|
2014-15
|
6.73
|
75.01
|
11.15
|
||
2013-14
|
6.66
|
74.36
|
11.17
|
||
2012-13
|
6.81
|
76.11
|
11.18
|
||
2011-12
|
7.60
|
80.03
|
10.53
|
||
6.
|
Vegetables
|
2015-16
|
8.32
|
152.64
|
18.35
|
2014-15
|
7.98
|
142.37
|
17.84
|
||
2013-14
|
7.70
|
139.19
|
18.08
|
||
2012-13
|
7.66
|
132.11
|
17.25
|
||
2011-12
|
7.41
|
125.80
|
16.98
|
||
7.
|
Mustard
|
2015-16
|
5.81
|
7.03
|
1.21
|
2014-15
|
5.64
|
6.66
|
1.18
|
||
2013-14
|
5.32
|
5.96
|
1.12
|
||
2012-13
|
5.18
|
5.68
|
1.10
|
||
2011-12
|
4.84
|
5.25
|
1.08
|
||
8.
|
Groundnut
|
2015-16
|
0.82
|
1.32
|
1.60
|
2014-15
|
0.84
|
1.29
|
1.54
|
||
2013-14
|
0.84
|
1.30
|
1.55
|
||
2012-13
|
0.83
|
1.26
|
1.52
|
||
2011-12
|
0.87
|
1.26
|
1.45
|
||
9.
|
Sesame
|
2015-16
|
1.02
|
1.04
|
1.01
|
2014-15
|
1.03
|
0.98
|
0.95
|
||
2013-14
|
1.03
|
0.99
|
0.96
|
||
2012-13
|
0.80
|
0.82
|
1.03
|
||
2011-12
|
0.86
|
0.82
|
0.95
|
||
10.
|
Soybean
|
2015-16
|
0.80
|
0.15
|
0.19
|
2014-15
|
0.74
|
1.33
|
1.80
|
||
2013-14
|
0.71
|
1.35
|
1.90
|
||
2012-13
|
0.67
|
1.12
|
1.67
|
||
2011-12
|
0.61
|
1.05
|
172
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Agriculture technology of Japan
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said that "winning the world and bringing in household income", food exports will be reduced from current 450 billion yen to 1 trillion yen within 7 years, the 6th industrialization market will be 1 trillion yen. We aim to achieve 10 trillion yen from 10 billion yen, and strengthening agriculture as the pillar of our growth strategy. At the same time, by promoting the accumulation of agricultural land, we promised to double the income of agriculture and rural areas over the course of 10 years. For us, there are no such reliable remarks; I would like to expect much for future policies.
The merits and demerits of agricultural technology
Agriculture includes not only cultivation but also various specialized techniques such as making large lands suitable for cultivation (cultivation) and irrigation such as making waterways. The basis of agriculture is still cultivation of agricultural crops on agricultural land and pastoralism in pastures. Since the end of the 20th century, concerns about existing agriculture have increased interest in sustainable agriculture. Although the harvest volume increased sharply due to technological innovation such as breed improvement · agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers, adverse effects on the environment (environmental pollution) and human bodies are occurring. Also in livestock breeding, meat production increased dramatically due to breed improvement and "intensive" pig and poultry production, but the problem of animal cruelty, adverse effects on the human body by administration of chemical substances such as antibiotics and growth hormone there is the concern.
Agriculture technology of Bangladesh
Modern mechanical technology has changed the agriculture system. This technology is being added to every level from seedbed to production. This was a dream in agriculture two decades ago. Tractor machine has taken place instead of cow in the field. The seed is in the form of seed bed in the form of machine. The irrigation system has changed. Irrigation has come up with traditional methods. Irrigation pump is now being used on land. The agricultural land production in these toughest areas has decreased even though food grains production has increased.
It has been learned that, in recent years, one of the major additions to modern technology in agriculture is combine harvester. Through this technology can be harvested, grains can be separated from the shells. Because of this, the use of Combined Harvester machines in integrated farm management in many places has increased. Its use of small-size paddy fields is also used. There is also the Broadcast Cedar for sowing, fertilizer application and pesticide. SIDDRIL has been planted for seeding at specific locations. Dryer machines are also being used for drying sub soil, rice or other crops for drying the soil. Batch dryer is also used in drying rice, wheat and corn. Besides, the power ripper machine is also available for crop cutting. According to the Department of Agricultural Extension, the country produces about 30 million metric tons of food grains per year. But about 14 percent of the production from production is wasted. It accounts for about 42 million tons. If the cultivation of 100 percent of modern technology is possible, it is possible to remove the damage, experts say.
Currently, the scientific use of modern advanced agricultural machinery is being used at different stages of agricultural work. Increased use of improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and medicines in production. Implementation of the necessary technology is to reduce the dependence on nature and to provide adequate irrigation water. Modern agricultural education system, land preservation, land development, scientific introduction system are being introduced. Modern technology is also being used in grain preservation, processing and marketing.
It is learned that China is at the top of the world in the use of agricultural machinery in the modern world. Many modern agricultural farms have been established in this country, depending on these technologies. Where more than 30 million farmers are working. According to the Department of Agricultural Extension, agriculture is the country's second largest industry. About 23 percent of GDP comes from this sector.
Cultivation system in Japan
"The bad influence that the worse government affects the country."The cultivation system varies according to available resources and constraints (topography and climate, weather, government policy, economic, social and political pressures, farmers' management policy and practices).
Suffered farming is a system that burns forests every year and utilizes released nutrients for cultivation, after which it cultivates perennial crops for several years. The compartment are set as fallow land later and return naturally to the forest, and burns it again after 10 to 20 years and use it. Since fallow periods become shorter as population density increases, fertilizer introduction and pest management become necessary.
The next stage is a cultivation system without a fallow season, which further requires nutrition management and pest management. When further industrialization progresses after that, a large-scale cultivation system of a single crop appears. Cultivating only specific cultivars will reduce biodiversity, homogenize necessary nutrients, and produce pests more easily. Therefore, it depends more on pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Multi-cropping is a system that cultivates multiple kinds of crops one after another in one year, interworking is a system that cultivates multiple kinds of crops at the same time. There is also a similar system of another mixing.
In the tropics, all these cultivation systems are actually done. In subtropical and desert climates, cultivation of agricultural crops is restricted to the rainy season (rainy season) and cannot be cultivated many times in a year or else it requires irrigation. In these environments, perennial crops (coffee, chocolate) are cultivated and cultivation systems like agro forestry are also being carried out. In the temperate zone, there are plenty of grasslands and prairie, dominated by highly productive cultivation systems harvesting once a year.
In the 20th century agriculture, agriculture concentration and division of labor were advanced, new technologies of agricultural chemistry (chemical fertilizer, pesticide), agricultural machinery, breed improvement (hybridization and genetically modified crops) supported it. In recent decades there has also been a movement towards sustainable agriculture linked to socioeconomic fairness and thinking about resource conservation and the idea of the environment in cultivation system. Due to this movement, various forms of agriculture different from conventional agriculture were born. For example, organic agriculture, suburban agriculture, community supported agriculture (Agriculture that supports the region), eco agriculture, integrated farming, etc., and the tendency toward agricultural diversification as a whole has become clear.
Cultivation system in Bangladesh
According to the latest report of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation, farmers are now increasingly interested in using modern equipment for farming in remote areas of agriculture. Not only the cultivation of land, but also in the field of hoe, fertilizer, insecticides, paddy cut, threshing, drying and rice from rice are being used by modern equipment. Currently 90 percent of the country's total cultivation is in the mechanical method. New technologies and equipment, pesticides, fertilizer seeds, etc. are being added to the agricultural technology.
There has been a radical change in the farming system, cow's plow has ended in the days of pulling the yoke long ago, and the modern mechanical farming system has replaced the plow yawl.
Instead of conventional seeds, hybrid seeds are being used. Food production has multiplied and increased production of food by using pesticides fertilizers, the yield has increased considerably, there has been a lot of change in the marketing of food production.
18. Japanese agriculture, agricultural policy and international relations:
The tariff is the main trade policy instrument used by Japan. In terms of total imports, most products are imported duty-free or at very low tariffs and the simple average MFN (most favored nation) tariff was 6.5% in 2006. The sector Agricultural sector remains protected from foreign competition, with the average MFN tariff applied to agricultural products over the same period being 18.8%. In addition, many sub-sectors of agriculture enjoy relatively high MFN tariff protection, such as oilseeds, dairy production, sugar production or milling. Moreover, the simple average of the specific duties (not proportional to the value of imports in the agricultural sector) was about 80%. Tariff quotas are also in place to protect the most sensitive products such as rice, wheat and barley, dairy products and starch. By this mechanism, which consists of determining a volume of products for which a lower or no tariff is applied, the State decides the quantity, the period and the resale price on the Japanese market. These quotas are administered either by the Ministry of Agriculture or by the Agricultural Livestock Industries Corporation (ALIC), an agency under the authority of this Ministry.
Direct payments are made in the form of compensation for changes in income, prices or production costs, and in the form of payments to rice producers under the rice production limitation program. The total support measure (see WTO site) declared by Japan in 2007 for the year 2003 was 641.8 billion yen, and the direct payment for rice to 68.2 billion yen. Since 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture has been implementing an agricultural policy which is moving towards a greater concentration of aid on "main farmers". Other measures are implemented within Japan's trade policy such as safeguard clauses (pork), insurance, and storage.
In March 2005, Japan adopted a "Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas" aimed at raising the coefficient of self-sufficiency, ensuring the safety and security of food products, generating consumer confidence, Channeling state support to main farmers, promoting exports of quality Japanese agricultural products ... In April 2006, MAFF presented a program for the realization of this basic plan, the two main themes of which are the Japan's international and agricultural reform. At the international level, in particular, Japan has embarked on an ambitious program of bilateral agreements, which until now has had few agricultural components except for the Economic Partnership Agreement with Australia, Negotiations began in April 2007.
Japanese agriculture, historically strongly supported, does not allow the country to ensure more than 40% of its food self-sufficiency in calorie basis. As a major importer of both its consumption and the functioning of its agri-food industry, Japan is highly dependent on external supply;
The Liberal Democratic Party, in the person of Shinzo Abe, has made the opening of Japan an element of the economic renewal advocated by the "Abenomics". This is reflected in the negotiation of Free Trade Agreements (DTCs, TTIPs, EPAs). These treaties, which expose farmers to increased competition from the world market, require the government to work to adapt its agriculture to this new context. Thus, a far-reaching reform of the agricultural sector is necessary, but will have to deal with the reluctance of the socio-professionals, represented by JA Zenshu allied with the powerful group of rural parliamentarians, opposed to a reform that would upset the interests in place. At the same time, in response to the contraction of the domestic market and the need to revive the economy, the Japanese government is putting in place a policy to encourage the export of its agricultural and agri-food products.
Japan has lately engaged in bilateral or multilateral discussions of economic agreements that are crucial to its economy. At the end of 2015, it signed an agreement with the member countries of the Trans Pacific Partnership, whose process is being ratified. This complicated ratification could delay its application to 2017.
Discussions with the European Union on an Economic Partnership Agreement are continuing in 2016 for a conclusion expected at the end of 2016 or 2017.
The tariff is the main trade policy instrument used by Japan. In terms of total imports, most products are imported duty-free or at very low tariffs and the simple average MFN (most favored nation) tariff was 6.5% in 2006. The sector Agricultural sector remains protected from foreign competition, with the average MFN tariff applied to agricultural products over the same period being 18.8%. In addition, many sub-sectors of agriculture enjoy relatively high MFN tariff protection, such as oilseeds, dairy production, sugar production or milling. Moreover, the simple average of the specific duties (not proportional to the value of imports in the agricultural sector) was about 80%. Tariff quotas are also in place to protect the most sensitive products such as rice, wheat and barley, dairy products and starch. By this mechanism, which consists of determining a volume of products for which a lower or no tariff is applied, the State decides the quantity, the period and the resale price on the Japanese market. These quotas are administered either by the Ministry of Agriculture or by the Agricultural Livestock Industries Corporation (ALIC), an agency under the authority of this Ministry.
Direct payments are made in the form of compensation for changes in income, prices or production costs, and in the form of payments to rice producers under the rice production limitation program. The total support measure (see WTO site) declared by Japan in 2007 for the year 2003 was 641.8 billion yen, and the direct payment for rice to 68.2 billion yen. Since 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture has been implementing an agricultural policy which is moving towards a greater concentration of aid on "main farmers". Other measures are implemented within Japan's trade policy such as safeguard clauses (pork), insurance, and storage.
In March 2005, Japan adopted a "Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas" aimed at raising the coefficient of self-sufficiency, ensuring the safety and security of food products, generating consumer confidence, Channeling state support to main farmers, promoting exports of quality Japanese agricultural products ... In April 2006, MAFF presented a program for the realization of this basic plan, the two main themes of which are the Japan's international and agricultural reform. At the international level, in particular, Japan has embarked on an ambitious program of bilateral agreements, which until now has had few agricultural components except for the Economic Partnership Agreement with Australia, Negotiations began in April 2007.
Japanese agriculture, historically strongly supported, does not allow the country to ensure more than 40% of its food self-sufficiency in calorie basis. As a major importer of both its consumption and the functioning of its agri-food industry, Japan is highly dependent on external supply;
The Liberal Democratic Party, in the person of Shinzo Abe, has made the opening of Japan an element of the economic renewal advocated by the "Abenomics". This is reflected in the negotiation of Free Trade Agreements (DTCs, TTIPs, EPAs). These treaties, which expose farmers to increased competition from the world market, require the government to work to adapt its agriculture to this new context. Thus, a far-reaching reform of the agricultural sector is necessary, but will have to deal with the reluctance of the socio-professionals, represented by JA Zenshu allied with the powerful group of rural parliamentarians, opposed to a reform that would upset the interests in place. At the same time, in response to the contraction of the domestic market and the need to revive the economy, the Japanese government is putting in place a policy to encourage the export of its agricultural and agri-food products.
Japan has lately engaged in bilateral or multilateral discussions of economic agreements that are crucial to its economy. At the end of 2015, it signed an agreement with the member countries of the Trans Pacific Partnership, whose process is being ratified. This complicated ratification could delay its application to 2017.
Discussions with the European Union on an Economic Partnership Agreement are continuing in 2016 for a conclusion expected at the end of 2016 or 2017.
Farming method in Japan Agriculture
A highway in the farm. We have secured enough width for the machine to pass through.
The agricultural method has the following elements.
Cultivation
Farming is the work of cultivating the soil, planting crops, mixing fertilizer in the soil, and controlling pests. Some agricultural methods do not cultivate land almost like no tillage cultivation. Productivity may be improved by warming the soil by plowing, including fertilizer and removing weeds, but the topsoil is easily eroded, decomposition of organic matter is promoted, CO2 is released, and soil It also causes a decline in biodiversity.
Pest management
Preventing weeds, insects, diseases, etc. is called pest management. Chemical control (agricultural chemicals), biological control, mechanical control (cultivation), agricultural practices and others. As agricultural practices, there are techniques such as crop rotation, thinning, covering crops, intercropping, composting, and increasing the resistance of crops. In comprehensive pest management, the goal is to keep these techniques to the extent that pests do not cause economic losses, and the use of pesticides is the last means.
Nutrition management (fertilization)
Nutrition management, which manages nutrients as input in the production of agricultural products and livestock products, includes the use of manure produced by livestock. There are fertilizers, manure, manure, green compost, compost, minerals etc. as given nutrition. There are aspects of nutrition management such as creating crop rotations and fallow periods. Manure is used by grazing livestock in pastures like rotated grazing by concentrated control, or by spreading solid or liquid manure on cultivated land or pasture ground.
Irrigation (Water management)
Water management is essential in areas with insufficient rainfall and areas where precipitation fluctuates dramatically, and most areas of the world require water management somewhat. In some areas, irrigation is conducted to compensate for the precipitation. In the Great Plains in the United States and Canada, there are areas that allow the soil to store moisture by making a fallow season. 70% of the world's freshwater use is agricultural water.
Individual farming methods
1. Organic cultivation
2. Duck Farming Method
3. Natural farming
4. Biodynamic farming
5. Nutrient cultivation
6. Plant factory
7. Agro forestry
8. No fertilizer No pesticide cultivation
9. Pesticide-free cultivation
10. Jerobi farming method
Farming method in Bangladesh Agriculture
Pest Management:
Bangladesh became a member of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1981, a member of the interdependent harmful pest management program. In 1982-88, only a few of the areas of the country were engaged in the display of integrated harmful pest management programs. A full-time FAO-IPM expert was appointed in Bangladesh through the Inter-Foreign FAO Program of 1998. During the period 1988-1995, the Department of Agricultural Extension of the Ministry of Agriculture (DAE) and the donors are trained in hand-to-hand management of a large number of agricultural expansion workers (2257 people), NGO officers (407 people) and farmers (4,550 people) in the field of coordinated harmful pest management. This training has a great effect on them. Trained farmers use very few pesticides in paddy management compared to unaware neighbors about integrated harmful pest management. Based on the success of this program, the following projects have been implemented in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture Extension of the Ministry of Agriculture and Donors: Integrated Pest Management; Reinforcement of plant protection unit; Command area development project; Khulna-Jessore Tunnel Rehabilitation and Inter-country Co-ordinate Pest Management Vegetables Project. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, UNDP, ADB and DANIDA, contributed financial assistance to implement these projects. Besides, a number of non-government organizations are now cooperating with the integrated development of pest management in grassroots level in its own program.
Nutrition management (fertilization)
The source of basic nutrients of different types of inorganic fertilizers and biogas plants. Fertilizer is the single most important ingredient in crop yielding materials that is considered to be the driving force of yield growth.
Inorganic fertilizers are currently the key to success in crop production in Bangladesh and about 50-60% of the total production claim.
Biosphere is the many substances available from the source of plants and animals used for the cultivation of crops. Normally this large-scale material is used in normal or transformed condition. The use of organic materials in agriculture is very old and a traditional technique. Among the various types of organic matter used in the field, cattle grazing, poultry debris, farms and vegetables are notable. Although cow dung is most important in human consumption, much of this material is currently being used as fuel. Researchers and expansion workers are now advised to use inorganic and organic fertilizers to produce sustainable crops. About 5 m tons of fertilizer per hectare of land can reduce the demand of approximately 33% of chemical fertilizers.
Irrigation (Water management)
To provide the required moisture for the growth of the plant, provide water in artificially. It also cools the plant's environment. Water can be supplied from surface, low and deep sources of groundwater.
The latest irrigation is the modern irrigation system. In the dry season, for the production of additional rice, the process was introduced in Bangladesh in the 1960s. Examples of low irrigation pump, deep tube well, shallow tube well, and canal are modern irrigation. The drain irrigation system was introduced in Egypt in 5000 BC. In Bangladesh it is a relatively new method and because modern technology is used, it is now included in the modern method of irrigation.
In the last three decades, various kind of manual laboratory pumps like hand pump; Rower Pump, Triple Pump, BARI pump, etc. have been used in irrigation. But their number is not significant compared to low-lift pumps, deep and shallow tube-wells and traditional methods.
Both the traditional and modern irrigation methods make important contributions to agricultural production. Their use has increased rapidly since the introduction of modern methods. Without modern irrigation, the growth of grain production and production in Bangladesh cannot reach the current level.
Irrigation is a very important instrument and utilization, with the benefits of this technology, it has become very popular.
Bangladesh’s agricultural sector problem
v Agricultural system is dependent on the happiness of nature and risky
v Availability of cultivable land is continuously decreasing extensive poverty exists among the people engaged in agriculture
v Lack of other necessary capital of agricultural work
v The lack of modern technology in the context of socio-economic conditions of the peasants
v Uncertainty in the case of appropriate pricing of agricultural commodities due to poor and poor market system
v Agricultural production is rapidly decaying and the post-harvest loss level is too much
v The limited knowledge of the common man about the nutrition of various agricultural product including fruits and vegetables
Agricultural Progress Prospects of Bangladesh
Agriculture Ministry of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has identified the following prospects of the country's agricultural sector.
v Agriculture is the biggest contributor to total national production as the single largest sector
v Crop production practices are largely labor intensive and existing surplus labor force in agricultural sector
v Agriculture is the biggest source of employment for skilled and unskilled people
v Existing optimal natural environment throughout the year
v Extensive combination of organic varieties
v Varieties of grains and agricultural produce are the major sources of protein, minerals and vitamins
v In the field of agricultural production, there is a higher value addition than other produce
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BANGLADESH:
Above, agricultural development system structure of Japan and Bangladesh, were discussed separately. There are many things Bangladesh can benefit from this experience.
Agriculture Improvement can make the most effective contribution to the socio-economic development and poverty reduction of Bangladesh.
1. Develop machine technology to improve the efficiency of agriculture.
2. Increase the efficiency of cultivation of crops.
3. To achieve the overall development of the agricultural sector, it is necessary to undertake small irrigation projects, to reduce waterlogging, to produce, preserve and distribute improved and high yielding seeds.
However, as it was mentioned above, although all agricultural enterprises produce very small share of total agricultural production, Bangladesh agricultural policy-makers should benefit the experience of Japan about how to encourage farmers to enlarge their enterprises or join within a union. This would make agricultural production more effective.
Conclusion:
The aim of this paper was to study agricultural development system in Japan and Bangladesh, and compare the system in these countries. After analyzing agricultural development system in Japan, we concluded that the system is well developed. But Bangladesh agricultural development system is so much poor. Bangladesh can benefit the experience of Japan in some aspects which would make agricultural development system and government support more effective.
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